She was not alone, part of a secret plan of the IJN to built a fleet of Landing craft carrier. [13], The ship was originally scheduled for completion in April 1945, but construction was expedited after the defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the IJN anticipated that the United States would now be able to bomb Japan with long-range aircraft from bases in the Mariana Islands. Never completed during World War II and extensively damaged by retreating Germans. A tall fence was erected on three sides of the graving dock, and those working on the conversion were confined to the yard compound. At the time of poor capabilities of planes against battleships, it sounded logical to keep the strenght and armament of capital ships in aicraft carriers, having barbette guns and armour made therefore a guarantee of self-defense against any incoming naval threat. It was decided to fall back on the Kaga, also from an unfinished ship. Kaga was the third Japanese aircraft carrier. In New Britain and New Guinea in January 1942, only the 1st and 5th Kk Sentai participated in operations, the others operated separately. However, he was forced to make a nighttime run when he learned the Navy General Staff could not provide air support. Advertisement According to historian Mark Stille, the weapon had many faults including an inability to "handle high-speed targets because it could not be trained or elevated fast enough by either hand or power, its sights were inadequate for high-speed targets, it possessed excessive vibration and muzzle blast".[17] These guns were supplemented by a dozen 28-round AA rocket launchers. A destroyer comes to the aid of the listing aircraft carrier USS Yorktown, which was hit by Japanese bombs and torpedoes during the Battle of Midway. The greatest loss of life was the 2,046 killed on Akitsu Marua converted passenger liner with a small flight deck, carrying the Imperial Japanese Army's 64th Infantry Regiment. [21], US Naval Intelligence did not initially believe Enright's claim to have sunk a carrier. [34], A half-hour later, Shinano was making 10 knots with a 13-degree list. Converted into Aviation Battleship in 1943. Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945), a clone of the German Me 163 Komet, which plans and parts arrived via U-Boat. [13], The ship's organic air group was intended to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A7M Repp (Allied reporting name "Sam") fighters (plus two in storage), 18 Aichi B7A Ryusei ("Grace") torpedo-dive bombers (plus two in storage), and 6 Nakajima C6N Saiun ("Myrt") reconnaissance aircraft (plus one in storage). 10,939 built in any variants Yamato was sunk during a one-way trip to Okinawa during. At 10:24, after her Zero fighters repelled several attacks, and just at the moment when the first aircraft of the counteroffensive took off, a squadron of dive bomber arrived. Early Sunday morning, the crew members spotted something on low-resolution scans, so they used their autonomous underwater vehicle (UAV) to get a better look. Did this woman die because her genitals were cut? Never completed. In April 1942, the Doolittle Raid, carried out by 16 bombers that took off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, 600 miles (970 km) from Japan, also a major impact on Japanese strategy. The Petrel also worked with the US Navy, as according to US law it is otherwise illegal to disturb underwater war graves - that is, sites where the wrecks of US military ships lie. These were the last and largest vessels of this type. The remains of the Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga have been found for the first time since 1942. The Kokusai Ki-76 (a recce plane close to the Fieseler Storch) and Kayaba Ka-1 were flown off Akitsu Maru. 2023 BBC. These were completed by 26 October. Each kk sentai was a self-contained tactical unit, with or without destroyer escort, which can be detached or attached to others depending on the mission. It was supposed to be the third and last in the line of Yamato-class battleships, but after the Battle of Midway saw two-thirds of Japan's carriers lost to American naval power, the Japanese switched gears and made Shinano an aircraft carrier. Crew: 924. The Petrel has been scouring the Pacific to locate and document sunken ships of World War II and has found more than 30 vessels. However, the two destroyers displaced only 5,000 metric tons (4,900 long tons) between them, about one-fourteenth of Shinano's displacement and not nearly enough to overcome her deadweight. As a measure of how important Shinano was to the naval command, Abe was slated for promotion to rear admiral once the fitting-out was complete. The third giant of carriers: Therefore, the IJN thought it prudent to fill the empty spaces between the tanks and the cofferdam with 2,400 metric tons (2,362 long tons) of concrete to prevent any fumes from escaping. With the loss of Hiryu and the three others, experienced pilots and trained crews, Japan was left without any possibility of destroying what was left of the Pacific fleet in a short time. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The last aircraft carrier sunk in wartime was the Japanese aircraft carrier Amagi, in Kure Harbour in July 1945. Midway Atoll, a small group of islands in the North Pacific, was used as a US military installation during the war. Armor: 90 mm Belt, 56-150 mm magazine decks, 25 mm engine decks Location of the Japanese aircraft carriers sunk during the Battle of Midway eluded undersea explorers for years. It was to achieve air superiority to prepare the surface battle, in 193233. Nakajima A4N (1935) 221 built, until 1940, second line 1942. At that time, the ship was presented in a very different aspect from that which it will be known in 1941: it had a landing deck only at the rear, the front being reserved for two superimposed tracks of takeoff. She was sunk en route, 10 days after commissioning, on 29 November 1944, by four torpedoes from the U.S. Navy submarine Archerfish. http://www.combinedfleet.com/cvlist.htm Both ships sunk in 1944. Sonar imaging reveals intricate details about the Akagi, which is lying about 18,000 feet (5,490 metres) under water, The Akagi aircraft carrier was sunk during the Battle of Midway, during which hundreds of Japanese and US sailors died, Pictures reveal large sections of the boats are still intact, like this gun mount from the Kaga, The secret mine that hid the Nazis' stolen treasure. March 14, 2019. Work ended in November 1943, when IJN Kaiyo was completed. [1], One of two additional Yamato-class battleships ordered as part of the 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Program of 1939,[2] Shinano was named after the old province of Shinano, following the Japanese ship-naming conventions for battleships. Yokosuka E1Y (1926): Main recce floatplane, 320 built, retired 1938 Akagi in 1928 Researchers aboard the ship recently discovered the wrecks of the Japanese aircraft carriers Kaga and Akagi 77 years after they were sunk by U.S . Displacement: 17,000 tons (standard) Because this divergence lasted between a large part of the traditionalist officers and these new generation of pilots officers (with a certain Yamamoto acquired to these ideas), there was no unified doctrine. Dimensions: 179.90 m long, 20.80 m wide, 7.08 m draft The carrier was abandoned and also intentionally sunk by Japanese torpedoes at about 5 a.m. on June 5. Also called Type-C by IJN. Shinano was the heaviest aircraft carrier yet built, a record she held until the 81,000-metric-ton (80,000-long-ton) USSForrestal was launched in 1954. Machinery: 2 shafts turbines, 12 boilers, 30,000 hp. It returned beautiful high-frequency sonar imagery of the ship. His machines developed 91,000 hp, giving it a speed of 27.5 knots. Dimensions: 227.4 m long, 22 m wide, 7.8 m draft Speed: 20 knots (37 km/h) Kaga formed the Akagi backbone of the Japanese Navy aircraft carrier force and was part of the fleet that attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Naval Forces in Japan, told the Associated Press. With a terrific underwater explosion, Akagi went down at 4:55 a.m., just before sunrise, on June 5, he wrote. Machinery: 2 steam turbines, 4 boilers, 72,000 hp. Although larger than the latter, following the evolution of modern aircraft, she had two hangar decks served by three lifts. This long work ended in March 1928. Displacement: 17,200 t. standard -22 400 t. Full Load Before the Petrel team set out to find those ships, researchers had previously found just one back in 1998: the USS Yorktown. Dimensions: 247.65 m long, 32.5 m wide, 9.5 m draft IJN Kumano Maru was completed in March 1945 but saw little service, as repatriation ship after the war, and Tokitsu Maru was still incomplete, and was rebuilt after the war as a whaling ship. However, between news of Mitchells experiments in the US and more powerful engines, it was now possible to carry out torpedo-bombing missions with confidence and integrate more offensive roles to the carrier division. Top Image: The USS Yorktown is hit on the port side by a torpedo launched from a plane off the Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu during the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942. But now, explorers have found two Japanese aircraft carriers sunk in battle during World War Two. Imperial Japanese Navy. Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, an experienced, cautious officer, would command the operation. The close bonds between the Royal Navy and IJN allowed officers to made exchanges onboard British ships and they were well informed about British developments in early conversions as aircraft carriers, most notably the Furious. IJN Kamoi carried 22 Nakajima E4N or 12 Yokosuka E5Y. The carriers were among seven ships that went down in the Battle of Midway, a major air and sea battle fought between the US and Japan in 1942. This weapon worthy of a heavy cruiser dates back to a time when the concept of aircraft carrier was not yet fully understood and where it was envisaged that these vessels could be relatively versatile and able to defend themselves. She saw action in World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam. His new mission: Solve Amelia Earharts disappearance. Armor: 10 mm oil tanks She profited from the no(tonnage cap in the Washington Naval Treaty and London Naval Treaty for seaplane tenders, but was not designed for easy coversion as a carrier in wartime. three bombs hits while her hull was damaged by several near-hits. In total with rotations, she could land 2,200 soldiers way faster than any assault ship, with men climbing onboard crafts. Hher fighters made a carnage among American torpedo bombers, but as her air group was converted from an attack on Midway tp an attack on the USN carriers, planes loaded with bombs and fuels cluttering her deck and hangars, Douglas Dauntless dive bombers hit her after Kaga and Akagi. -Kawanishi K6K (1938) seaplane trainer, 3 built His aircraft made two assaults before Admiral Yamamoto decided to cancel the third, believing that the surprise effect no longer played in their favor. They adopted a double hangar, yet still relatively unprotected, only ammunition stores with armor plates ranging from 100 to 165 mm. [8], The ship's original waterline armor belt thickness of 400 millimeters (15.7in) was retained only where it had already been installed abreast the magazines, and reduced to 160 millimeters (6.3in) elsewhere. They also soon advocated the enemys carriers were to be main targets of naval air power. She sank on August 24, 1942. A few minutes after this attack, Soryu was no more than a huge fire and sank at the end of the day, as most survivors evacuated. But the Japanese were not used to this type of aircraft carrier, and they were used as transport aircraft able to defend themselves with their own aircraft, and for training pilots. Her seaplanes went on harassing the Germans until the German surrender on 7 November 1914, with 50 sorties and 200 bombs dropped. Both were sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. IJN Haguro and IJN Nachis Nakajima E8N (Type 95) Nate recce plane colorized bi Iroo Toko Jr. Yokosho Rogou Kougata (1918), 218 built, retired 1928 Kido Butai in the Indian Ocean 1942 PartI, Shokaku class fleet aircraft carriers (1939), Zuiho class fleet aircraft carriers (1940), Chitose class floatplane Carriers (Converted 1943), Unryu class fleet aircraft carriers (1944), To read for a better understanding of this website, Erzherzog F. Max class BD. Jennifer Leman is a science journalist and news editor at Popular Mechanics, where she writes and edits stories about science and space. The commission was to promote aviation technology and training and at first centrated on non-rigid airships, before swapping to aircraft. But Yorktown was not sinking until 5 days later, after being evacuated, torpedoed by a submarine. Reluctant tears streamed down my cheeks as I watched the fires spread. Conversons work implied the fitting of a single hangar, aigmented by an additional 6 feet 7 inches, and a full flight deck serviced by two lifts (see later). Climbing back to the bridge I could see that Kaga and Soryu had also been hit and were giving off heavy columns of black smoke. Officially known as the 1st Air Fleet (, or Daiichi Kk Kantai it was known also as the Kid Butai (Mobile Force). [37], Post-war analysis by the U.S. IJN Nitta Maru and Yawata Maru being of the same type, it was decided to requisition them in turn, and to transform them the same way, giving a class of three ships. Resting on her keel in nearly 18,000 feet of water roughly 1,300 miles northwest of Pearl Harbor in the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, the Akagi was unmistakable. Armament: 8 guns 127, 8 guns 25 mm AA, 30 aircraft Yokosuka H5Y (1936) Type 99 Flying Boat Model 11, 20 built All four were sunk during the war, There was a plan to convert these ships into Aviation Battleships in 1943. In this momentous operation, Hiryu teamed with Nagumos (reduced) Kido Butai with Kaga, Akagi and Soryu. In addition they had two hangars and two lifts, but protection was insufficient, especially underwater while these hangar were quite low. The operation was cancelled and she returned to Hashirajima. The Kaga is the first sunken Japanese aircraft carrier ever found, Vulcan said. At 22:45, the carrier's lookouts spotted Archerfish on the surface, and Isokaze broke formation, against orders, to investigate. Armour: Max: 9 mm She was very fast, well enough to escape capital ships, built and armed to withstand attacks of light ships such as destroyers, not to mention the rampart constituted by her major air group, 71 aircraft in all, much more than the Hosho. On the evening of 21 February, USS Bismarck Sea (CVE 95) had just recovered her aircraft from a strike when a swarm of Japanese planes appeared. [5], In December 1941, construction on Shinano's hull was temporarily suspended to allow the IJN time to decide what to do with the ship. In 1935-38, he was taken to the basin for a redesign, modeled on the Kaga model, and through which he received a single integral track, a bridge of command, a new truncated chimney on the side, imposing lateral ballasts. 16 vessel planned however only 8 completed. The engines shut down for lack of steam around 07:00, and Abe ordered all of the propulsion compartments evacuated an hour later. six months, the U.S. carrier fleet dealt a decisive blow to Yamamoto's navy in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway, sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers. Japan's Super Aircraft Carrier Was the Biggest Warship Ever Sunk by a Submarine Here is how it went 'down'. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sunken_aircraft_carriers&oldid=1146510423. In December 1941, just when attacking Pearl Harbor, the 1st Air fleet was the worlds largest fleet of aircraft carriers, comprising three divisions (see later). For example, the N1K Kyofu (Rex), where N signified floatplane fighter, 1 as it was the first of the factory of this type, and K for Kawanishi. Crew: 829. The ships also could also carry 27 Daihatsu-class landing craft. (Image: National Archives and Records Administration, 80-G-414423.) Japan had to comply with the Washington disarmament treaty and peace conference, despite its protestation of a lower authorized tonnage than the two largest navies of the world, on each side of the Atlantic. The navy also wanted to make the large drydock in which the ship was being built available, which required either scrapping the portion already completed or finishing it enough to launch it and clear the drydock. A destroyer picks up the crew. The builder was unable to increase the number of workers on Shinano and could not meet the new deadline of October. good train. In the mid-1920s, land based seaplanes dominated the IJN air arm, used for reconnaissance and ASW patrols. Both ships were seaplane tenders before their conversion in 1943. The 1st air fleet was created in April 1941, the gradual gathering of three carrier divisions called tkk sentai (air flotillas) and a major component of the Combined Fleet (Reng Kantai). [18], Four Type 94 high-angle fire-control directors were fitted to control the Type 89 guns. As coined by military historian Gordon Prange it was a revolutionary and potentially formidable instrument of sea power. and proved its worth by the fleet or concentrating enough air power to destroy the entire USN battlefleet in a couple of hours. As seaplane tenders they srved nevertheless during the second sino-Japanese war and the early Pacific War and naturally were converted after the Battle of Midway at Sasebo Naval Yard. Japanese Navy Capt. Abe asked for a delay in the sailing date[22] as the majority of her watertight doors had yet to be installed, the compartment air tests had not been conducted, and many holes in the compartment bulkheads for electrical cables, ventilation ducts and pipes had not been sealed. but a violent earthquake caused the destruction of the basin in which was this twin of the Akagi, whose hull was dislocated. Displacement: 17,500 t. standard -20 586 t. Full Load IJN Katsuragi was scrapped in 1947. At 10:18, Abe gave the order to abandon ship; by this time Shinano had a list of 30 degrees. In addition, her prow, too low, plowed heavily and the bridge became a breakwater, denying the crew any visibility in between waves. , and a shed expanded and refitted. Chuyo was previously sunk by USS Sailfish in November 1943. IJN Kaiyo remained in home waters in 1945 and in August she was bombed by US Navy aircraft, BU in 1947. [21] The crew were confident in the ship's armor and strength, which translated into lax initial efforts to save the ship. However after Midway and other crippling battles for the IJN, the 1st fleet division became in 1944 largely a land-based fleet of kichi kktai (base air unit(s)), its carriers played a bait role at Leyte. ", "Reports of the US Naval Technical Mission to Japan: Ship and Related Targets Article 2: Yamato (BB), Musashi (BB), Taiho (CV), Shinano (CV)", "IJN Shinano: Tabular Record of Movement", National Archives and Records Administration, Japanese naval ship classes of World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano&oldid=1152224246, Aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy, World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Two plans of the ship have been located in the, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 23:00. He doubted the sub's torpedoes could inflict serious damage, since he knew that American torpedoes were less potent than Japanese torpedoes. In 1928, indeed the trio led to the creation of the First Carrier Division, studying naval air engagement possibilities. But an hour later, at 10:20, the remaining American aircraft come back in force and their bombs are a carnage. Propulsion: 4 propellers, 4 steam turbines, 19 Kampon boilers, 133,000 hp, Maximum speed 31.2 knots He ordered the carrier to maintain its maximum speed even after the last torpedo hit. A fifth Kk Sentai was added with IJN Shokaku and Zuikaku in December. More than 250 men were lost. 1,097 likes, 18 comments - Imperial Japanese Navy (@dainippon_teikoku_kaigun) on Instagram: ""Chikuma firing her main guns, 1940." Chikuma . She was loosely derived from the Chitose-class, ordered under the 3rd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme of 1937. As a result, Shokaku which was launched in 1939 and completed in August 1941, and her twin Zuikaku in September, were both operational at the time of Operation Tora against Pearl Harbor. [28] Normally, Shinano would have been able to outrun Archerfish, but the zig-zagging movement of the carrier and her escortsintended to evade any American submarines in the areainadvertently turned the task group back into the Archerfish's path on several occasions. She was designed for a crew of 2,400 officers and enlisted men. Displacement: 11,800 tons (standard) Therefore in late 1941, the Admiralty requisitioned the steamer Kasuga Maru then in completion to Mitsubishi, and she was transferred to Sasebo Naval yad for reconstruction. Traveling at an average speed of 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph), she needed sixteen hours to cover the 300 miles (480km) to Kure. The official designation of the submarine was Sentoku type Submarine. Their ship was just found. 13,600 tonnes. It also had two 203 mm double turrets at the front and six barbettes. Canvas wind scoops could also be rigged over the elevator opening to force more air inside. Machinery: 2 steam turbines, 6 boilers, 65,000 hp. [29] This emerging concept of a mass pre-emptive aerial attack had the consequence of shifting the main battle fleet attention to battles over the horizon and naval games tactical and strategic plays showed this over time. Ironclads (1872), Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906), Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928), WW2 British Amphibious Ships and Landing Crafts, Infanta Maria Teresa class cruisers (1890), 600/630 Tonnes Type Submersibles (1925-38), Hughes H-4 Hercules (completed & first flight, prototype), Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1947 (jet fighter seaplane prototype), Supermarine Seagull ASR-1 1948 (prototype successor to the Walrus), Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (interesting Norwegian prototype), SNCASE SE-1210 French prototype flying boat 1949, Convair R3Y Tradewind USN patrol flying boat 1950, de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter 1951 (RCAN), Saunders-Roe Princess 1952 (RN requisition possible), Beriev R-1 turbojet prototype seaplane 1952, Convair F2Y Sea Dart Prototype delta jet fighter seaplane 1953, Martin P6M SeaMaster strategic bomber flying boat 1955, Canadair CL-215 1967 water bomber, some operated by the RCAN, GAF Nomad patrol australian land/floatplane 1971, Harbin SH-5 Main PLAN patrol flying boat 1976, Cessna 208 Caravan transport flotplane (some navies) 1982, Beriev Be-40/A-40 Albatross prototypes 1986. Nakajima E14Y (1939), shipboard recce floatplane, 126 built Armor: Maximum (belt) 250 mm, bridges 50 mm, stores with ammunition 100 mm. IJN Junyo, like his twin, saw the installation of forty 25mm AA guns in 1943, and in June 1944, 76. Hiy sunk and Jun'y scrapped 19461947. [15], The ship also carried 105 Type 96 25mm (1in) light AA guns in 35 triple-gun mounts. The Kaga, hit by 4 projectiles, is immediately ravaged by fires, which explode in explosion to the fuel tanks, causing the complete destruction of the ship. Kashiwara and Izumo Maru were requisitioned in 1940, and converted first into armed transports and then in drydock for conversion as carriers. IJN Junyo in 1942, Displacement: 24,140 t. standard -28 300 t. Full Load Raised but later sunk by USSR as target. Dimensions: 176 m long, 18 m wide, 6.2 m draft In the case of Kaga, it was the class Tosa battleships. Her tonnage had risen from 33,820 to 40,650 tons. She had a small command bridge and a tripod mast, removed in 1923 to achieve a flush-deck, kept since. Armament: 4 x 140 mm, 8 x 25 mm AA, 2 x 7.7 mmn AA, 21 aircraft Mitsubishi B1M (1923), 443 built, retired 1936. Once the existence of Shinano was discovered, Enright was credited with her sinking and awarded the Navy Cross. Marine archaeologists believe they have identified the wreck of the Japanese aircraft carrier the Akagi, which was sunk during the second world war's battle of Midway, regarded by some. Armament: 8 x 127 AA, 4 x 25 mm AA, 48 aircraft Its then not a surprise the IJN did so well until mid-1942, and also how much the USN effort to resist the onslaught until that point was meritorious. In addition, the failure to test for watertightness in each compartment played a role as potential leaks could not be found and patched before Shinano put to sea. Displacement: 29,300 t. standard -37,720 t. Full Load She was an experimental destroyer, with new high-temperature, high-pressure steam turbines and mounting a total of 15 torpedo tubes. She was armed by six 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns in three turrets and 24 Type 96 25 mm AA guns in eight triple mounts and the modification to carry 12 Type A K-hyteki-class submarines, was paid by having only twelve aircraft alongside. [36] The carrier was formally struck from the Naval Register on 31 August. The five Sullivan brothers, serving together, were killed in World War II. Crew: 2050 (NEW). The plan was cancelled and the two. Sunk from internal explosion of unknown cause. Yokosuka D4Y (1942) codename Judy diver bomber, 2,038 built, Mitsubishi G3M (1935), 1,048 built, long range twin engine navy land-based bomber, codename Nell. [39] The executive officer blamed the large amount of water that entered the ship on the failure to air-test the compartments for leaks. The ship is only known to have been photographed twice: on 1 November 1944, by a Boeing B-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft from an altitude of 9,800 meters (32,000ft), and ten days later, by a civilian photographer aboard a harbor tug during Shinano's initial sea trials in Tokyo Bay. During World War II, the carrier would go on to . It was a logical development of what was said above, based at first on a single unit, by default the 1st carrier division allowed by the commissioning of the Kaga and Akagi, added to the Hosho. Converted from the submarine tender Taigei 19411942. Armament: 4 x 127 AA, 48 x 25 mm AA, 6 x 28 launch rockets, 30 grenades ASM, 27 aircraft -Kawanishi K-11 (1927) experimental fighter, 2 built The official designation of the submarine was Type A (Ko) submarine. IJN Mizuho was a near sister to the Chitose, but dropping turbines for less powerful diesels, whereas gaining extra range. Crew: 2,400. -Also was tested a flotplane trainer, the Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan Navy Special Strike Submarine Bomber trainer (1943, 2 built) and the Kyushu Q1W1-K Tokai-Ren, a twin-engine the same year codenamed Lorna. She was actually confused with Shoho during the Battle of the Coral Sea. They were part of the large 6-6-3 programme, laid down in 1919-21, they wer all sunk in WW2 except Notoro, converted in 1934 as a seaplane tender/carrier.
When Is Del Taco Opening In Virginia,
Which Of These Are Features Of The International Gothic Style,
How To Listen To Podcasts On Discord,
Articles J