For example, district- or national-level IPC management can help ensure availability of supplies to support good IPC practices, support education and training of the healthcare workforce, and provide feedback on outcomes. COVID is an acronym. Less than half (47.1%) of frontline workers have a high school diploma or less, compared to 17.9% of other essential workers and 32.2% of all U.S. workers. Several recent reports have illustrated how COVID-19 disproportionately affects certain segments of the population by education, gender, race, and other demographics. This update introduces a formal definition of both frontline workers and essential industries, demonstrating a fixed relationship between the two terms. It is also important to receive a booster when you are eligible. The present study sheds light on the current level of awareness regarding COVID 19, including knowledge, preventative practices, and preparedness in the South-West region of Saudi Arabia, which is still struggling to achieve its target of total COVID-19 eradication. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117. World Health organization. Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J. COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. COVID-19 is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. One moose, two moose. Therefore, to minimize the errors, the sample size taken for this study was 1,000. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind, conducted in Saudi Arabia that is assessing the awareness and preparedness toward COVID-19 among HCWs and other residents. The patients/participants or their legal guardians have to provide their written informed consent to participate in this study. Congress should then reserve the option to accept the proposed list via a floor vote or send it back for revisions. You can review and change the way we collect information below. This collective input can help inform and target social, income, and other policies. This update has aimed to do that, demonstrating how two specific, interrelated definitions of essential industries and frontline occupations could inform workforce policies and protections. Around 79.5% respondents are university graduates holding a bachelor's degree or higher, whereas 20.5% of participants possess educational qualifications of secondary school or lower (non-graduates). Operational considerations: sentinel sites It is recommended to use the WHO's case definition for ILI and SARI for COVID-19 surveillance (Table 2). Finally, Congress should establish a special commission to determine how federal essential industry and frontline occupations lists should legally relate to independent state and local designations. People with co-morbidities, including diabetes and hypertension, who are treated with the drugs such as thiazolidinediones, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) have an increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). What you need to know from Johns Hopkins Medicine. Continued guidance and support from other federal agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), can also help establish, communicate, and enforce standards to protect frontline workersensuring workplaces remain safe and productive. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Based on currently available information, COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and its primary clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, fatigue, myalgia and dyspnea (911). The majority of respondents (76.4%) believe that there is no treatment available for COVID-19 to date, 47.1% report supportive care, and 45.8% state personal safety as the only treatment option. [2, 3] On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, its first such designation since declaring H1N1 influenza a pandemic in 2009. Globally, extraordinary measures are being adopted to combat the formidable spread of the ongoing outbreak. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30172-7, 20. (2020) 395:10158. These should specifically designate how federal benefits will flow to individuals based on state and local reopening lists, since the number and categories of workers will grow in time. People of different educational backgrounds and employments participated in the survey. The outbreak has now spread to more than 200 countries, areas, or territories beyond China (6). It is diagnosed with a test. These are the participants who had fewer opportunities to access healthcare services. (2015) 5:1639. The fight against COVID-19 continues globally, and to guarantee success, people's adherence to preventive measures is essential. University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 | 530-752-1011. COVID-19. 37. 28. Patients can call or text notifying the facility that they seek care due to acute illness, including symptoms consistent with COVID-19. What are the criteria for determining a COVID-19 case? Many of them (76.8%) now spend 20 seconds washing their hands using soap multiple times a day. It is a significant step, as nearly 50% of the people are aware of the importance of testing in suspected cases but the remaining 50% of the participants are not. Vaccines & Boosters | Testing | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus. Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acute health care facility level. Biostatics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes . Multivariable logistic regression was computed using each item in awareness and preparedness as an outcome separately to examine the relationships in the adjusted analysis. Int J Biol Sci. Table 7. Since this is a novel coronavirus with no such study having been conducted before, a standardized (structured, pre-coded, and validated) questionnaire was developed for this study by our co-authors, and it is based on frequently asked questions (FAQ) found on Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and WHO official websites (38, 39). COVID-19 has already cost millions of retail and manufacturing jobs considered essential by DHS, while essential jobs in construction, state and local government, and other activities may be lost in the coming months, too. Since, SARS-CoV-2 binds to their target cells through ACE-2, it was suggested that patients with cardiac disease, hypertension, and diabetes are at the higher risk of developing severe to fatal COVID-19 (14, 15). There were no significant differences found in knowledge level between gender (male vs. female) and age groups. (2020) 323:15829. (2020) 8:4302. Mutations may enable the coronavirus to spread faster from person to person as in the case of the delta and omicron variants. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads easily among people. Available online at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331495 (accessed April 17, 2020). When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. The respiratory droplets land in the nose or mouth of people who are near the infected individual. Lancet Respir Med. fungus) that can cause disease. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.159951, 50. (2020) 130:15458. In the past, several infectious disease outbreaks have been traced to viruses originating in birds, pigs, bats and other . Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. Strategies to reduce risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in outpatient facilities by modifying service delivery are described below. Table 3. World Health Organization. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. Our study revealed that HCWs and educated residents were following it meticulously. When health workers are unable to leave work immediately, they should be placed in isolation areas until they are able to go home. 2020 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. They effectively improved the clinical symptoms and suppressed the worsening of acute COVID-19 patients and reduced the mortality rate (27, 28). Sawalha AH, Zhao M, Coit P, Lu Q. Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients. WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. The scientists still have limited information about COVID-19, and as a result, the complete clinical picture of COVID-19 is not fully understood yet. Outpatient facilities may consider alternatives to in-person triage such as conducting visits using telemedicine (e.g., telephone consultations or cell phone video conference) to provide clinical support without direct contact with the patient. Accessed 2 May. endobj Clinical management of COVID-19. When a pathogen (e.g. The first infected case of coronavirus was reported on December 31, 2019, in Wuhan, China; within few weeks, infections spread across China and to other countries around the world (1). You can get any of these three authorized or approved vaccines, but the CDC explains that Pfizer and Moderna are preferred in most situations. However, it requires more clinical trials to be established for the optimal conditions of COVID-19 and as antibody therapy in this disease (2426). This disease has also been referred to as 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV. We wish to acknowledge Deanship of Scientific Research, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, for their continuous support throughout the study. World Health Organization. JAMA. Rather than capture every worker within essential industries, we propose identifying a subset of workers in specific frontline occupations who face a variety of health risks in their workplaces. One Health is an approach that recognizes the close connection between people's health and the health of animals and our shared environment. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF Health Tracking Poll (2020). stream Estimates indicated that COVID-19 could cost the world more than $10 trillion, although considerable uncertainty exists concerning the reach of the virus and the efficacy of the policy response (8). Clin Immunol. Designate a health worker who is trained in IPC to be the IPC focal point, responsible for implementing the facilitys COVID-19 prevention measures. 7th ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons (1999). Arab News. Educational interventions are urgently needed to reach the targeted residents beyond borders and further measures are warranted. Q & A on Coronaviruses (COVID-19). Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed. Significant proportions of HCWs (P < 0.05) and more educated participants (P < 0.05) showed considerable knowledge of the disease, and all respondents displayed good preparedness for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Operational Considerations for Infection Prevention and Control in Outpatient Facilities: non-U.S. Healthcare Settings, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This new viral infection is successful in inducing restlessness, confusion, and fear among the people. CALL 911 if you have a medical emergency such as severe shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. For example, millions of people work as cashiers (making $11.17 per hour), food preparation workers ($11.94 per hour), and home health aides ($12.18 per hour). However, there were few misconceptions regarding the mode of COVID-19 transmission among the participants, which need to be addressed. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Potential COVID-19 Treatment. Operational considerations for personal protective equipment in the context of global supply shortages for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: non-US healthcare settings. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan. Adjusted EPS of $1.22 was up 6 percent versus the prior year. [1] It was initially reported to the WHO on . World Health Organization, Geneva (2020). Doubts or fears about quarantine can make the public hide behind closed doors. 40. Such sites offer the benefit of space to allow appropriate physical distancing of health workers and patients. This document is provided by CDC and is intended for use in non-U.S. healthcare settings. {)DY AY4-o'ts7tF 9r]wS:3^Z/ Reverse Zoonosis occurs when a human transmits a pathogen to the animal. Frontline workers tend to earn lower wages on average ($21.95 per hour) compared to all U.S. workers ($24.98 per hour), confirming the economic disadvantages many of these workers faced even before the pandemic. Yet climate scientists expect more frequent outbreaks of violent diseases in the future. Every country around the world is being encouraged to draft a preparedness plan as per the WHO's global guidelines: The COVID-19' Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP). Borrowing from their terminology, we define essential industries as businesses, organizations, and government agencies whose functions are critical to public health, safety, and economic and national security. More information is available, Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, Responsible Personnel Implementing IPC in Outpatient Settings, Key Considerations for Outpatient Facilities, to screen health workers for exposures to COVID-19 or signs and symptoms of COVID-19, consult with an occupational health focal point, Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed, Operational considerations for case management of COVID-19 in health facility and community. Although, no specific vaccine or treatment is approved for COVID-19, yet several treatment regimens prescribed under different conditions are reported to control the severity and mortality rates up to some extent with few adverse effects, though further evidence is needed (19). As far as preparedness to fight against COVID-19 is concerned, our study showed that all the participants were aware of avoiding mass gathering, avoiding traveling to suspected areas, the use of face masks and hand sanitizers, and maintaining proper food hygiene. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4783, 25. P8, I don't know. Creating formal definitions of frontline workers and the essential industries in which they work is an important, technical step to adopt policies that target the most vulnerable workers. Therefore, the first and foremost strategy to win the battle over COVID-19 shall be stopping the spread of disease effectively among the people. World Health organization. People who did not meet the above inclusion criteria were not eligible and were thus excluded from the study. PPEitems include wearing aface mask, gloves, face shields, gowns, or Tyvek suits worn to minimize exposure to hazards and infections. The comparison between educational groups and occupational groups (HCWs vs. other residents) demonstrated significant differences in the level of knowledge and preventive measures for COVID-19 disease (Tables 4, 5). A Pathogenis defined as a bacterium,virus, or another microorganism (e.g. Once approved, Congress should use the list of essential industries and frontline occupations to inform ongoing debates around targeted worker support. CDC twenty four seven. In such places where physical distancing of 1 meter cannot be maintained for a particular activity, all mitigating actions possible should be taken to reduce the risk of transmission between workers, clients or customers, contractors, and visitors, and these include staggered activities, minimizing face-to-face and skin-to-skin contact, ensuring workers work side-by-side or facing away from each other rather than face-to-face, and assigning staff to the same shift teams to limit social interaction. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 94 HIGHLIGHTS The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) has launched a GOARN COVID-19 Knowledge hub. Remdesivir is one such antiviral drug, and it has reduced the duration of therapy to 11 days in comparison to 15 days in the case of patients receiving standard care only. 53. This document outlines strategies to implement infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance in non-U.S. outpatient facilities in areas of widespread community transmissionof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). (2020) 21:100329. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.11.20020735, 13. doi: 10.1172/JCI138003, 27. Lancet Pub Health. It included HCWs (doctors, nurses, and community pharmacists) and other members of the community, including the employed, unemployed, as well as students. For categorical variables, data were presented as frequencies and percentages. Airborne transmission is distinct from droplet transmission in that 'airborne' requires an infectious pathogen to remain viable in the air for extended periods of time and able to infect people at distances greater than 1 meter. The CDC notes that in most situations the two mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna are preferred over the Johnson & Johnson vaccine due to a risk of serious adverse events. Meanwhile, only 18.2% of frontline workers have a bachelors degree or higher, compared to 52.8% of other essential workers and 37.6% of all U.S. workers. Public Health 8:482. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00482. Lancet Respir Med. Who has to leave the Federal Reserve next? The outcome of this study highlighted a growing need for the adoption of innovative local strategies to improve awareness in general population related to COVID-19 and its preventative practices in order to meet its elimination goals. The survey shows educated participants (bachelors or more) and HCWs were more aware about COVID-19 symptoms (P 0.001), incubation period (P 0.001), complications (P 0.001), high-risk populations (P 0.01), and available treatment (P 0.05) compared to less-educated (high school) ones and other residents (non HCWs). Pandemics are usually caused by new infectious agents (bacteria or . Alternate care sites include community-based locations, such as unoccupied schools or stadiums, that might be temporarily out of use due to local mitigation measures. Increase ventilation by opening windows when conditions allow. World Health Organization; 2021. Congress should designate one or more federal agencies to regularly update the list of frontline occupations and essential industries as it relates to pandemics and other public emergencies. Identify nonessential health services that can be delayed or canceled in accordance with local or national guidance. Review sick leave policies for health workers and ensure they are flexible and consistent with public health guidance to encourage health workers who are ill to stay home. Why definitions are important. This coronavirus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets of >510 m in diameter, discharge from the mouth or nose, when an infected person coughs or sneezes (12, 13). Copyright 2020 Tripathi, Alqahtani, Albarraq, Meraya, Tripathi, Banji, Alshahrani, Ahsan and Alnakhli. Lancet. Also, HCWs keenly follow the situation in the regions and the countries regarding the number of cases of infected and fresh cases reported daily. Available online at: https://www.moh.gov.sa/CCC/healthp/regulations/Documents/Coronavirus%20Disease%202019%20Guidelines%20v1.1.pdf (accessed April 13, 2020). World Health Organization; 2020, Guiding principles for immunization activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Provide information to the public through local mass media and social media platforms about availability of a hotline, signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and when to seek care. Results of participants' preparedness against COVID-19 are summarized in Table 3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis on factors significantly associated with preventive measures toward COVID-19. The SPRP outlines the public health measures that are needed to be taken to support countries to prepare for and respond to COVID-19 (51, 52). (2020) Available online at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200313-sitrep-53-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=adb3f72_2 (accessed March 25, 2020).
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