Schubert, A. In a graphical analysis, the location of the outliers is readily compared to the location (and shape) of the inter-quartile range as a ready indicator of the degree of departure from typical behaviour. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0306-5. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,37(1), 3436. A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). Thus, an articles focus on Covid-19 seems to be a primary driver of increased citations for these articles compared to those that do not deal with a Covid-19 related topic. Private acts and public objects: an investigation of citer motivations. Their study found no penalty for self-citation but diminishing returns with respect to generating citations from others beyond a certain point. Fields are ranked by median self-citation rate. In-text function of author self-citations: Implications for research evaluation practice. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. A review of studies on citing behavior. 2018; Baccini et al. This would mean that the article is being cited an average of 50% more times per year than expected for articles within its co-citation network published in the same year. The prevalence of synchronous self-citation practices at the institutional level. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol22no1.1. It is evident that the modal self-reference share is around 57% and the modal self-citation count is less than 5%, but this will be shown to vary by field. The field or subject area: t: Year: d: Document Type: n: The number of subjects to which a paper is assigned: i: . (2015). is reasonable to infer that these rates are higher than those for all papers in Zaggl, M. A. A difference revealed in the analysis by field was the variable extent to which outliers were present and detectable. PLoS ONE 17(7): Science and technology in a democratic order. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187394. 4) show a superficially similar pattern to those for self-referencing, with a relatively consistent series of median values up to around 6% self-citations. Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(2), 102105. 2017). It is important to recognize that citation counts grow over time. 2019; Seeber et al. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. An RCR of 1 is considered average, while an RCR greater than 1 is above average. This certainly cautions against any simple test of inappropriate behaviour and confirms the need for informed scrutiny and interpretation. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. As we have shown, Covid-19 papers across all selected fields are being cited at a vastly increased rate compared to non-Covid-19 papers within the same journals. The work we report here has focussed on a particular tranche of researchers: individuals with a significant portfolio of papers that all lie within the 1% most highly cited for their field. Minasny, B., Hartemink, A. E., & McBratney, A. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,27, 292306. Thus, data include a combination of open-access and subscription-based publications in the non-Covid-19 articles. Manipulation of explicit reputation in innovation and knowledge exchange communities: The example of referencing in science. 4. We used WOS to determine the difference in rates at which Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles from 24 top medical journals are being cited. What do citations count? Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. It is measured each year by the Web of Science Group and reported in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Journal of the American Society for Information Science,22(2), 7475. [51][52] Kaur et al. In doing this, we demonstrate the sharp contrast between citation rates for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles published in 24 months during the rise and height of the global pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. Average Evidence-based Reading and Writing score: 529Average Math score: 521. Journal of Informetrics,12(3), 931949. https://doi.org/10.1038/497557a. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that the advantage of open-access is debatable with many studies showing no difference in citation rates andquality and heterogeneity concerns posing challenges for generalization [22]. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. comm.). (2006). ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=1151587142, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 23:58. Small (2004) offered a synthesis of motives for citation, in which citations serve a dual function as vehicles of peer recognition and constructed symbols for specific original achievements. In practice, self-citation seems rarely to be an activity located at one pole or the otherdisinterestedness (Mertonian) or interestedness (social constructivist)but generally to occupy some middle ground along a spectrum of motivations and meanings. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000384. in 2008 received 20.42 citations. Reasons behind the major increase in citations for Covid-19 articles seem straightforward. Fields that lie outside the main distribution (Pharmacology, Mathematics and Space Science) have been labelled. Is there a clubbing effect underlying Chinese research citation increases? The interpretation of exceptional will therefore depend on purpose and circumstance. The false myth of the rise in self-citations, and the impressively positive effect of bibliometric evaluations on the increase of the impact of Italian research. The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. This number dips only slightly to 82% when the smaller, randomized sample is compared. Cap Rates will be higher or lower for individual properties depending upon the size, class and location of the property within the MSA. Note that we are excluding citations from 2017, as RCRs exclude the first calendar year in which the article was published. 2 was repeated with the other ESI fields. Self-citation by researchers: Narcissism or an inevitable outcome of a cohesive and sustained research program? In response, the scientific field has dedicated enormous amounts of resources to researching the virus and its effects. It has recently been suggested there may be increasing misrepresentation of research performance by individuals who self-cite inordinately to achieve scores and win rewards. A negative binomial regression model was used to assess for potential confounding variables (Table 3). These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Contributed equally to this work with: This libguide provides guidance on metrics and reports that can be used to quantify performance and impact based on publication data. The citation impact (average citations per paper) baseline for each variant of subject, year and document type will be calculated as the mean average: Where: e = the expected citation rate or baseline, c = Times Cited, p = the number of papers, f = the field or subject area, t = year, and d = document type. White, H. D. (2001). The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on Self-citations in scientific literature. bioRxiv preprint, December 23, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.20.884031. Tang, M., Bever, J. D., & Yu, F. H. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.003. Further, 91% of the papers under the Article category in the database were classified as original works by the journals themselves. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on average, a paper from a Geosciences research field published in 2008 received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published in 2008 received 20.42 citations. Covid-19 has been front and center in the global landscape since the beginning of 2020. Level of Evidence: 4 Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Harnad, S. (2009). On the skewness of journal self-citations and publisher self-citations: Cues for discussion from a case study. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410810844150. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Clarivate Analytics Essential Science Indicators (ESI) is another resource. In this way, three separate citation averages were gathered for each journal: 1) all articles 2) non-Covid-19 articles 3) only Covid-19 articles. 2006; Hendrix 2009; Costas et al. Even with a graphical test, analytical identification of outliers is only the first step in assessing the data as a reliable indicator of community-wide influence or not. In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. Citation frequency is highly skewed, with many infrequently cited papers and The influence of international collaboration on the impact of research results: Some simple mathematical considerations concerning the role of self-citations. An exact calculation of Prices Law for the Law of Lotka. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. Fields are ranked by median self-referencing, Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-citations among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. (2019), in publishing a vast compendium of citation data on some 100,000 Highly Cited Researchers, have likewise included, not excluded, self-citation in their analysis and reported its extent by author, employing co-author self-citation rates. In 1979, Eugene Garfield noted: Theoretically, self-citations are a way of manipulating citation rates. The weight of author self-citations. Ideas in Ecology and Evaluation,7(1), 12. At least 2 years of . 2019; Simoes and Crespo 2020). In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. Lawani, S. M. (1982). Merton, R. K. (1988). The h-index and self-citations. Michael D. Brandt, The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for 2015). Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented 1/2 inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing. The practice of self-citations: a longitudinal study. The issue of prolificacy and self-citation stacking, Is Self-Citation Biased? Additionally, citation rate for Covid-19 papers has been assessed previously without direct comparison to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals [20]. Of the 10 cities in our study where buying is more favorable than renting, five are in the Midwest. Note we are excluding the number of citations received in 2021, as FWCIs only include citations to an article 3 complete calendar years after its publication. papers published in one research field in a given year. Note, in this paper, that we refer to self-references and to self-cites and that they are not the same thing. Porter, A. L. (1977). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.025. ESI Data The highest concentrations of 'citation elite' researchers were in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Belgium. 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As new variants appear, researchers are offered the chance to publish on new epidemiological or variant characterization studies. Today, both excessive self-citation and citation cartels are real concerns and have been documented (Ioannidis 2015; Fister et al. Our impact metrics reflect the power of research that is open to all. 2006). Does self-citation pay? Scientometrics,77(2), 373375. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22976. Another baseline measure is the all-years citation rate, which is the citation rate for a 10-year period. Tagliacozzo, R. (1977). Or is the management of the journals also a problem? Copyright: 2022 Brandt et al. Coercive citation in academic publishing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,60(6), 12831285. Carley, S., Porter, A. L., & Youtie, J. 2019; Seeber et al. Scientific impact evaluation and the effect of self-citations: Mitigating the bias by discounting the h-Index. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons Inc. Peritz, B. The linear thresholds were therefore plotted on the log-plots rather than calculating a log-normal value which would have been very inclusive with few indicative outliers. We believe that it is more intuitive to link self referencing to the analysis of a publications reference list. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30443. Pichappan, P., & Sarasvady, S. (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0187-7. Authors as citers over time. The field-specific self-citation profiles, showing a data point for each Highly Cited Researcher and following the style of Fig. Journal of Informetrics,10(2), 365391. Google Scholar. The self-referencing median rates and outlier thresholds are similar across fields but these are more variable for the self-citation indicators. The reasons for this require expert, informed interpretation but the degree to which this category may capture a series of small, isolated fields has been noted previously (Bensman et al. Current Cap Rates for Apartments in the 50 Largest Multifamily Markets. Identifying community-wide influence is a central, though not sole, focus of the work that led to this paper, as will be described below. Accordingly, the average citation rate within the humanities is much higher when using other databases which cover the literature better, such as Google Scholar (Harzing & Alakangas, 2016). 3 (self-referencing) and Fig. [29] In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(7), 13231332. The battle to define the meaning of a citation. Research Policy,46(5), 970983. Soares, J. 2019). (2020). The terminology used to describe these different aspects of self-mention can be confusing: self-referencing is called synchronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-citing rate; self-citation is called diachronous and (in terms of author or journal citations) the self-cited rate (Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Todeschini and Baccini 2016).
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