This behaviour includes everything from texting to checking emails to driving while under emotional strain, all of which can lead to accidents. In addition, the correlation coefficient between indicators may be negative, resulting in errors in the evaluation results. In the free flow scenario (FFS), there were only two vehicles on the lanes in the direction of travel, the subject vehicle (SV) and the leader vehicle (LV), and no other vehicles interfered. The distribution of PARSV was similar in the two traffic conditions, and the mean PARSV of drivers in the cell phone operation state was generally increased compared with the normal driving state, and the growth rates of the hands-free call state were relatively low, 2.64% and 0.77% in free flow and congested flow, respectively, while the mean PARSV in video call state increased more, with growth rates of 8.52% and 5.64%, respectively, indicating that the saccade velocity fluctuated greatly and the visual stability decreased during distracted driving. In the congested flow scenario (CFS), with the triggering of the traffic flow event, a large amount of traffic flow will appear around the SV and the LV at the same time, both SV and LV were quickly integrated into the traffic flow, and the average speed of the traffic flow was designed to be 35km/h. The increase in the number of U.S. drivers engaging in risky driving behavior is troubling, said Morgan Dean, public and government affairs manager at AAA Mid-Atlantic. The test consisted of a pretest and a formal test. Detect and addressrisky driving to protect drivers and preserve your bottom line., Locate your assets and maintain a healthy fleetfor increased productivity and efficiency.. X. Liu, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, and Y. Chen, Investment decision making along the B&R using CRITIC approach in probabilistic hesitant fuzzy environment, Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol. D. Zhang, F. Chen, J. Zhu et al., Research on drivers' hazard perception in plateau environment based on visual characteristics, Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. Follow Lytx in the news and around the world at events and trade shows. 730735, 2018. The weight of the evaluation indicator reflects its importance to the research object to a certain extent. WebThe purpose of this chapter is to review and critique the literature on risky drinking, driving, and sexual behaviors. By calculating the variation coefficient of each evaluation indicator, the internal variability of the indicator is characterized by the degree of data dispersion. (6)Calculation of indicator weights. A. I. Dumitru, T. Girbacia, R. G. Boboc, C. C. Postelnicu, and G. L. Mogan, Effects of smartphone based advanced driver assistance system on distracted driving behavior: a simulator study, Computers in Human Behavior, vol. The coordinates of fixation points of the 18 drivers were hierarchical clustering, and the intercluster distance decreased with the increase of the number of clusters and finally stabilized gradually with six clusters as the cut-off point. Driving is a seemingly innocuous part of modern life and, for many, has become second nature. The VSC can quantitatively assess driving risk from the perspective of visual psychological safety and contributes to the development of corresponding early warning and control measures. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has identified six risky driving behaviors. Drivers use visual search information to perform speed control, turning, lane changing, and other operations. There were 697 drowsy-driving-related crashes in 2019. Risky driving behaviors increase as common sleep disorder worsens Diagnosing, treating sleep apnea may make driving safer for older adults by Tamara Bhandari April 14, 2022 Getty Images Up to half of older adults may have sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing and sleep are briefly interrupted many times a night. Fees for shipment of hardware may apply. Here are the NHTSAs consequences of speeding: Speeding can affect your auto insurance rates as well drivers will pay rates of 22% to 30% higher premiums on average following a speeding ticket and these rates could be in effect for three years. Compensation may impact where the Sponsors appear on this website (including the order in which they appear). 6328863302, 2019. Get your questions answered and learn how our solutions can help you transform your fleet. 100103, 2019. Also, safe driver and other discounts may have been applied to achieve the advertised rate, which may not be available to the average consumer. 56, pp. Furthermore, the mean RCPA of the video call increased sharply, with growth rates of 47.69% and 72.75%, respectively. Its effects vary by individual, but several studies, including one that AAA released in 2020, have concluded that marijuana use impairs the ability to drive safely, added Nelson. When drivers are in different degrees of distraction, visual behavioral indicators change correspondingly [32]. One-way ANOVA of the influence of driving state on PARSV. Drivers can request roadside assistance, identify nearby gas prices, locate discounts, book a hotel or map a route via the AAA Mobile app. WebRT @linda72135856: No ones life should be at risk when simple, honest mistakes are made, e.g., ringing the wrong doorbell, driving into someones driveway, delivering food to the wrong address, etc. 119, pp. 6, pp. Both hand-held and hands-free calls put drivers in a state of cognitive distraction [21, 22], where consciousness is diverted from the main driving task, the proportion of forward vision increases, and the information processing speed and the allocation of visual attention are affected, thus weakening the ability to detect the surrounding environment [2325]. Combine Lytx with best-in-class fleet technology for a powerful fleet management solution. Prevalence of Self-Reported Risky Driving Behaviors in Relation to Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Sample of 2,710 U.S. According to the grey system theory, the 18 drivers were regarded as a grey system, and the three driving states were taken as the correlation objects, with the VSC as the correlation indicator. Lytx MV+AI technology is a driver aid only. A separate NHTSA study put the cost of vehicle crashes at $340 billion, based on 2019 crash data. 711724, 2022. Driving when so tired, it was hard to keep your eyes open (96%) Driving while typing or sending a text message or an email (96%) Yet these same drivers text Risky driving behavior No. Younger people were more likely distracted, while older drivers were more likely to have higher depression scores. Snowball sampling was adopted in the test [33], and the sample size was calculated as follows:where denotes the required sample size, is the standard normal distribution statistic, is the overall standard deviation, and is the allowable error. The distance from the fixation point coordinates to the centroid was divided into five intervals with a step size of 100px, and the information entropy calculation equation is shown as follows:where (bits) denotes the information entropy of fixation area (IEFA), is the percentage of the distance of the fixation point offset centroid in the th distance interval when the driver is in type driving state, , when , , is the number of intervals divided by distance, here . Weblap/shoulder seat belts are used properly, they reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50 6, pp. 679687, 2022. D. Kong, X. Zheng, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, and T. Jiang, A novel DFT-based scheme for PAPR reduction in FBMC/OQAM systems, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. During the test, the subjects were required to drive the SV to follow the LV in front and keep a certain following distance. P. Gershon, K. R. Sita, C. M. Zhu et al., Distracted driving, visual inattention, and crash risk among teenage drivers, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. Lets pinpoint new behaviors you want to do, so you can see This value can be used as one of the indicators to measure the stability of the communication system. W. Cheng, R. Fu, Y. Ma, Y. Zhou, and J. Liu, Research on driver' cognitive distraction in mobile phone call behavior based on image recognition, China Journal of Highway and Transport, vol. Its illegal in the U.S. to drive under the influence of alcohol, but also marijuana, opioids, methamphetamines, cocaine, or any other impairing drug illicit, prescribed or over-the-counter. 14, no. All Rights Reserved. Considering the indicator variability and conflict, the information quantity, Calculation of indicator weights. Cocaine and methamphetamine can make drivers more aggressive and reckless. In order to avoid the learning effect, the speed of the LV was set to fluctuate in a small range to simulate the acceleration and deceleration. Studies have also shown that hands-free calls have no less negative impact on driving performance than hand-held calls [26]. If the acquisition of visual information is missed or deviated, distractions, errors in judgment, and other abnormal situations will inevitably occur, which can easily cause traffic accidents [13]. According to equation (1), the minimum sample size was obtained as 14. Therefore, the hierarchical clustering method combined with the mechanical division method was used to divide the drivers fixation area. 7, pp. Alcohol impairment is scientifically shown to reduce driver response times and reaction times, thereby greatly increasing the potential for a crash, says Sam Morrissey, former executive director of Urban Movement Labs, a nonprofit working to design and deploy transportation technology. The smartphones used in the driving missions were equipped with the WeChat chat application. In 2019, 10,142 people died in drunken-driving crashes. Throughout June, July and August, Lytx processed more than 15 million driving events captured by its best-in-class, MV+AI-powered DriveCamEvent Recorders. According to statistics for fatigue driving, it was found that fatigue driving is one of the To join, visit AAA.com. By calculating the correlation coefficient between evaluation indicators and taking the absolute value, the conflict between indicators is measured. In two traffic conditions, compared to the normal driving state, the VSC generally decreased when drivers were distracted, and the decrease in VSC during video calls was significantly higher than that of hands-free calls, indicating that the video call had a greater negative impact on drivers driving safety. Lytx connects all the dots to reveal a clear and actionable view of your fleet that helps you and your drivers save time, reduce costs, improve safety, and deliver the very best for your customers. The data Lytx captures on a daily basis empowers drivers and fleets with the information necessary to help take their safety and productivity to new levels. B. Reimer, B. Mehler, Y. Wang, and J. F. Coughlin, A field study on the impact of variations in short-term memory demands on drivers visual attention and driving performance across three age groups, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. WebKulendranM,PatelK,DarziA,VlaevI.Diagnosticvalidityofbehaviouralandpsychometricimpulsivitymeasures:Anassessmentinadolescentandadultpopulations.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences.2016;90:347352 ( 2012 ) and modified by the author consistent with Indonesian context. We help protect more than 4,800 clients and 1.6 million drivers across the globe. Its basic principle is to calculate the grey correlation degree to measure the correlation between sequences by studying the magnitude of correlation between comparison sequence and reference sequence, so as to assist in decision-making, which has the advantages of small calculation and high applicability [3942]. If you receive a ticket for texting and driving, its likely to drive up your auto insurance rates. However, the influence of this new secondary driving task on drivers visual characteristics is still unclear, and there is a lack of corresponding supervision. Your actual quoted rate may vary greatly and may be subject to adjustment based on verification of your self-reported data. Data standardization processing. Finally, Section 6 provides an overview discussion of the research results and suggests further research directions. 101, Article ID 103692, 2022. Meanwhile, speed-related crashes continue, and fatality rates on our roadways continue to increase.. Drivers in the UAE engage in risky behaviours and they are highly distracted. More than 50% of drivers involved in serious injury and fatal crashes tested positive for at least one drug, the NHTSA says. 10291041, 2020. Drivers should never wait for a warning before taking measures to avoid an accident. Here, 3D-MAX software was used to build the test scenario to simulate the driving conditions of drivers on urban expressways in clear weather. 575588, 2018. Therefore, this article was designed to simulate driving in two traffic conditions of free flow and congested flow on urban expressways and to collect eye movement indicators under two driving conditions of hands-free and video call, in order to explore the visual behavior characteristics of drivers during distracted driving, quantify the risk of driving behavior, and provide the theoretical basis for drivers visual behavior correction and driving safety. T. A. Dingus, J. M. Owens, F. Guo et al., The prevalence of and crash risk associated with primarily cognitive secondary tasks, Safety Science, vol. According to the evaluation criteria of visual stability based on the cluster analysis, the percentage of drivers VSC in each interval for different traffic conditions and driving states is shown in Figure 9. Considering the lack of in-depth discussion on the impact of video call operation on drivers driving safety in previous studies, this article designed two typical traffic flow scenarios of free flow and congested flow on urban expressways to carry out a distracted driving simulation test and collected the eye movement data of drivers in three driving states of normal driving, hands-free call, and video call, respectively, and comprehensively considered the characteristics of drivers eye fixation, saccade, and pupil changes to select four visual indicators. Our Best Fleet Forward newsletter delivers monthly insights on fleet management. Y. Yao, X. Zhao, H. Du, Y. Zhang, and J. Rong, Classification of distracted driving based on visual features and behavior data using a random forest method, Transportation Research Record, vol. Therefore, based on the calculation principle of the traditional CRITIC method, the standard deviation is replaced by the coefficient of variation, which eliminates the influence of different magnitude and indicator means on the indicator variability, while the correlation coefficient is taken as the absolute value in indicator conflict calculation, and the establishment process of the indicator weights by using the improved CRITIC method as follows:(1)Construction of original data matrix. Section 5 proposes and establishes the visual stability coefficients (VSC) based on the objective weighting results of the visual characteristics indicators to comprehensively assess the safety level of the driving state. C. Liu, Z. Wang, E. J. C. Nacpil, W. Hou, and R. Zheng, Analysis of visual risk perception model for braking control behaviour of human drivers: a literature review, IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. While millennials clearly make up the largest percentage of risky drivers, not everyone agrees that bad driving is a millennial problem. Therefore, the number of clusters selected in the hierarchical clustering process of the fixation point coordinates was six, and the clustering results are shown in Table 2. where , and the comparison sequence is . Prevalence of Self-Reported Impaired Driving Behaviors in Relation to Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Sample of 2,710 U.S. Automotive, Travel, and Traffic Safety Information. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted on the data using statistical methods to investigate the differences in IEFA of drivers in different driving states under two traffic conditions. 647653, 2021. WebThe present study aimed the adaptation of the Driving Log, a questionnaire that assesses aggressive and risky driving behaviors in a day by day basis, with 395 Spanish participants. To complete this review, electronic searches using databases from the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology were used with keywords alcohol and risky behavior, risky drinking, risky driving, risky sex, and sexual aggression, as well This risk-taking includes dangerous driving (e.g. proposed the concept of relative change intensity of pupil area (RCPA) based on the characteristics of visual load oscillation, that is, the ratio of the amount of pupil area change in two driving environments indicates the fluctuation amplitude of visual load [56]. The grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the sensitivity of three driving states affecting VSC under different traffic conditions, whereby the assessment results of driving state risk were further verified. Our customizable services and programs span driver safety, risk detection, fleet tracking, compliance, and fuel management. The distracted driving test platform was built based on driving simulation technology, and the developed simulation scenarios were imported into the driving simulator, with the operation control platform for scenario fusion and system debugging work to complete the platform construction, combined with the eye tracker and the supporting Begaze analysis software for driving simulation tests. 10, pp. Evaluation results of grey correlation analysis method. At this time, the mutual interference between vehicles was obvious, showing the speed adaptation characteristics, and the road was continuously congested. Overall design framework of simulated driving test. Recent studies suggest that human-like driving behavior emerges from embedding risk in AV motion planning algorithms. (4)Indicator conflict analysis. Note: Percentages include responses of a few times, fairly often, or regularly., * DUI refers to self-reported driving under the influence, not being charged with a DUI by law enforcement. 2, pp. API integrations. Among them, the hierarchical clustering method has the advantages of easy discovery of hierarchical relations between clusters and flexible implementation [45]. Learn about modern fleet management and get tips and tricks for transforming your fleet. Distracted driving refers to the behavior of drivers who voluntarily or involuntarily allocate their attention to other secondary tasks unrelated to the main driving task during driving [1], causing drivers visual and cognitive resources to be occupied to varying degrees, reducing drivers environmental perception, decision-making ability, and The road length was 20km, the lane width was 3.5m, and the speed limit was 80km/h. WebChronic fatigue symptoms of jobs are risk factors that may cause errors and lead to occupational accidents. The dispersion of saccade amplitude in the two traffic conditions was similar, but the saccade amplitude in the congested flow was significantly lower than that in the free flow under the same driving state. We as humans behave the way we do for one reason: to get what we need and want. And, yes, police interactions can be risky, but the people driving these vehicles are choosing to experience a police interaction when they brazenly break the law with their anti-social behavior and modified vehicles. Anything that takes a driver's attention from the road, including dialing, texting, and adjusting cell phones and other electronic devices, increases the risk of car 19, no. 21, no. K. Leighton, S. Kardong-Edgren, T. Schneidereith, and C. Foisy-Doll, Using social media and snowball sampling as an alternative recruitment strategy for research, Clinical Simulation in Nursing, vol. A high PAPR of the system is likely to cause signal distortion, which will lead to an increase in the bit error rate (BER) of the system and result in hardware loss and system performance degradation, so it must be suppressed [5052]. 10, no. The equation for calculating the variation coefficient of the indicator is as follows: Indicator conflict analysis. About 28 people in the United States die in drunk-driving crashes every day. 2, pp. In addition to environmental brightness, pupil size is also influenced by emotion, mental effort, perception, and attention, so pupil change is often regarded as an indicator of the psychological and physiological load on human [5355]. 10, pp. Fixation area division based on hierarchical clustering of fixation points. Drowsy driving is another risky driving behavior and can lead to impaired cognition and performance and motor vehicle crashes. texting), drug use, binge drinking, and risky sexual behavior. Then, based on the improved CRITIC method, the visual stability coefficient (VSC) was constructed as a new indicator to comprehensively assess the risk level of the driving state, and the assessment criteria were divided. The specific steps of the grey correlation analysis method in this study are as follows:(1)The decision matrix is constructed as follows:where , denotes the visual evaluation indicator data of the th driver in the th driving state, , . With the continuous innovation and development of intelligent terminals and communication technologies, the equipment of various electronic devices in the car provides convenience and simultaneously makes the potential sources of distraction for drivers continue to grow, and the demand for multitasking significantly increases [5, 6]. Weve led the way for more than 20 years, advancing fleet safety, efficiency, and compliance. K. Tahkoubit, H. Shaiek, D. Roviras, S. Faci, and A. Ali-Pacha, Generalized iterative dichotomy PAPR reduction method for multicarrier waveforms, IEEE Access, vol. The pretest did not involve any arrangement of secondary driving tasks, and the SV was in a free driving state that was not affected by the road speed limit and other vehicles. The one-way ANOVA was conducted on the RCPA, as shown in Table 10. Understand how telematics technology works to help fleets improve their operations, safety, and compliance. In the process of driving, the drivers need to perceive various road traffic information in real-time, and the visual system is the main way to obtain the information [1012]. How high-risk drivers can get lower car insurance rates, Speeding can affect your auto insurance rates, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Children learn many of their behaviors from their parents, and this is especially true when it comes to driving habits. 12, no. K. L. Young, P. M. Salmon, and M. Cornelissen, Missing links? 2284422854, 2017. During driving, drivers constantly search and process external environmental information through the vision to ensure driving safety. 9, pp. Seat belts keep you from being ejected from a vehicle and are designed to work with airbags, protecting passengers and drivers in the event of a crash. Percentage of VSC in each interval for different traffic conditions and driving states. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire fitted properly in two correlated factors, labeled as Risky Driving and Aggressive Driving. Risky traffic behavior includes participation in illegal high-speed competitions (street racing), driving without driving license or ignoring traffic police signals, non-compliance with traffic legislation, and alcohol abuse in various social situations, indirectly linked to driving ( Meinhard, 2019 ). 113, no. Ages 60-74: 67.3 percent. Information entropy is an indicator to quantify the amount of information in information theory, borrowed from thermodynamics and measures the ordering degree of a system. This industry-leading, ultra-precise MV+AI triggers in-cab alerts that empower drivers to recognize their own risky driving habits and self-correct in the moment. Alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs slow coordination, judgment and reaction times. Section 4 analyzes the influence of the coupling effect of traffic conditions and cell phone call modes on drivers' visual characteristics. From drunk driving to texting behind the wheel, drivers often engage in behaviors that increase their chance of an accident and that can affect their insurance rates. (2)Data standardization processing. 1, p. 10, 2022. (4)Calculate the grey correlation degree. In order to analyze the stability of drivers visual information processing in different driving states and evaluate the negative impact of different driving states on driving safety based on microscopic visual characteristics indicators, the comprehensive scores of drivers visual characteristics indicators in different driving states under two traffic conditions were calculated, respectively, based on the objective weighting results of the improved CRITIC method, which were defined as the visual stability coefficient (VSC) of drivers. 6: Drowsy driving, car insurance rates may increase after a DUI, The Governors Highway Safety Association has a map. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The calculation results of the grey correlation degree are shown in Table 14, and the change in the relationship between VSC and correlation degree was drawn in combination with the mean VSC of the drivers, as shown in Figure 13. Editorial Integrity - Why you should trust us? "Ultimately, knowing what drives us puts us in the driver's seat. In addition, learn communication The most common distraction research is on cell phone call operations, which is a continuous and cumulative distraction process, and the research usually focuses on hand-held and hands-free calls. We have an advertising relationship with some of the offers included on this page. Read about the penalties for talking and texting on a cell phone while driving. According to government data, alcohol and marijuana are the most widely used drugs in the United States 139.8 million people aged 12 or older reported drinking alcohol in the past month, and 43.5 million reported using marijuana in the past year. Finally, the grey correlation analysis method was introduced to verify the assessment effect of VSC. There were 697 drowsy-driving-related crashes in 2019, according to the NHTSA. The eye movement data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. AAA is committed to educating the public about the dangers of substance-impaired driving. 114235114245, 2021. Stay Cool. In the comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators, different weighting methods will cause differences in the evaluation results, so it is necessary to choose the weighting methods scientifically and reasonably in combination based on the characteristics of the indicator and the research object [34]. H. Y. W. Chen, L. Hoekstra-Atwood, and B. Donmez, Voluntary- and involuntary-distraction engagement: an exploratory study of individual differences, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. Section 2 describes in detail the design content of the distracted driving simulation test. 1, p. 5262, 2022. The main equipment of the test included a driving simulator, an eye movement information acquisition device, and a smartphone required to perform the secondary tasks, as shown in Figure 1. 2019, Article ID 1628417, 12 pages, 2019. The IEFA was introduced to represent the drivers visual search span, the PARSV was established to reflect the dynamic balance degree of saccade behavior, and combined with saccade amplitude and RCPA, the influence of the combined effect of traffic conditions and driving states on the drivers visual behavior was comprehensively analyzed. After risky driving behavior was added, the sensitivity of the model for traffic crash detection was 93.00%, and the false alarm rate was 12.99% in the XGBoost algorithm, which had an increased accuracy of 8% and a nearly 5% reduction in the false alarm rate. The NHTSA says buckling up is the most effective way to protect yourself in a crash. 2672, no. T. A. Dingus, F. Guo, S. Lee et al., Driver crash risk factors and prevalence evaluation using naturalistic driving data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. The calculation equation of indicator conflict is as follows: Calculation of indicator information quantity. The equipment consisted of a simulated cockpit, a scenario display equipment, and an operation control platform. * Subject to available cellular network coverage. Similarly, the higher the information entropy of the drivers fixation area is, the more discrete the distribution of fixation points is, and vice versa, the more concentrated it is. The reason is that in the free flow scenario with a single driving environment, the drivers were in a state of severe cognitive distraction when talking hands-free, and the behavior of observing the surrounding road conditions was significantly reduced. 10, p. 6241, 2022. Learn about best practices and get solutions to common fleet management challenges. 124, Article ID 103187, 2022. 2672, no. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. 1, pp. 136108136118, 2020. In two traffic conditions, compared with the normal driving state, the percentage of the VSC in the stable interval (>0.63) decreased sharply and the percentage of VSC in the extremely unstable interval (<0.33) generally increased when the drivers were distracted by operating the cell phone, and the change of percentage in the video call state was more significant. With 4/20 approaching, its worth noting that marijuana use can inhibit concentration, slow reaction times, and cloud judgment. Its 2020 study of serious or fatally injured road users suggests that the prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids and opioids increased during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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