Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. After 14 years of follow-up, it was found that men who consumed 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C had a 41% higher risk of kidney stones compared to men consuming <90 mg of vitamin C daily. (PubMed), 188. 1999;91(6):547-556. Amelioration of persistent left ventricular function impairment through increased plasma ascorbate levels following myocardial infarction. The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. (PubMed), 51. [Your name] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University. No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. 2013;1(5):e239-240. Tower drink mixes replace handfuls of pills and are made with pharmaceutical-grade, bioidentical ingredients. Most multivitamin supplements provide at least 60 mg of vitamin C. Whether older adults have higher requirements for vitamin C is not yet known with certainty, yet some older populations have been found to have vitamin C intakes considerably below the RDA of 75 and 90 mg/day for women and men, respectively (207). Another trial randomized 532 patients to receive a 3-g vitamin C infusion or a placebo (saline solution) within six hours prior to coronary angioplasty (131). It is widely thought by the general public that vitamin C boosts immune function, yet human studies published to date are conflicting. Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. In addition, vitamin C may bind aluminum in the gut and increase the absorption of aluminum-containing compounds (e.g., aluminum-containing antacids, aluminum-containing phosphate binders). Symptoms of scurvy include subcutaneous bleeding, poor wound closure, and bruising easily, hair and tooth loss, and joint pain and swelling. (PubMed), 19. In fact, two prospective cohort studies in Swedish men (110)and women (111)reported that high-dose single nutrient supplements of vitamin C were associated with an increased risk of cataract, especially in those on corticosteroid therapy. Pravda J. Metabolic theory of septic shock. On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. Fowler AA, 3rd, Syed AA, Knowlson S, et al. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. Am J Epidemiol. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). 2012;12:61. 2018;9:1182. J Natl Cancer Inst. Rodrigo R, Hasson D, Prieto JC, et al. Micronutrient intake in relation to all-cause mortality in a prospective Danish cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2017;21(1):300. Vitamin C, through its antioxidant functions, has been shown to protect leukocytes from self-inflicted oxidative damage (14). These contradictory findings indicate that further research is needed on potential interactions between antioxidant supplements and cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Annu Rev Nutr. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). (PubMed), 136. Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC. (PubMed), 179. Scientific studies investigating vitamin C efficacy to prevent or treat disease need to assess baseline vitamin C status before embarking on an intervention or statistical analysis (22, 29-31). (PubMed), 174. Carr AC, Cook J. 2008;300(18):2123-2133. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. University of Otago Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. In the Nurses' Health Study, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consumed an average of 205 mg/day of vitamin C from food had a 63% lower risk of breast cancer than those who consumed an average of 70 mg/day (65). In developing his recommendations, he used cross-species comparisons, evolutionary arguments, the concept of biochemical individuality, and the amount of vitamin C likely consumed in a raw plant food diet. Specifically, plasma vitamin C ranged from approximately 23 to 70 mol/L in men and 33 to 82 mol/L in women; across this range, every 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with a 9% reduction in risk of heart failure. (PubMed), 96. Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day. 2003;170(2 Pt 1):397-401. Integr Cancer Ther. 2016;94(3):e170-176. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. (PubMed), 196. Lancet. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (PubMed), 30. Am J Clin Nutr. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Four phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer found that intravenous administration of vitamin C at doses up to 1.5 g/kg of body weight (equivalent to about 100 g/day for an average weight [70 kg] person) and 70 to 80 g/m2 was well tolerated and safe in pre-screened patients (167-170). 98. (PubMed), 144. Cell Death Dis. (PubMed), 80. Alzheimer's Association. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Arthritis Res Ther. Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T, Beisiegel U, Kontush A. 2005;17(3):341-345. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. (PubMed), 208. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). 2014;30(1):96-101. Ascorbic acid levels in the aqueous humor of nocturnal and diurnal mammals. *Source of intake should be from foods or formula only. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. The confirming scientific experiments of Dr. Pauling were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (1990, Vol 87, pgs 6204-6207) and Dr. Pauling was . (PubMed), 10. Nutr J. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. In another randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 28 critically ill patients with septic shock, infusion of 25 mg of vitamin C per kg every six hours for 72 hours significantly limited the requirement to vasopressor norepinephrinedecreasing both the dose and duration of treatmentand dramatically improved the 28-day survival rate (155). Myocardial reperfusion injury: Reperfusion injury refers to tissue damage occurring at the time of blood flow restoration (reperfusion) following transient ischemia. (PubMed), 102. 1983;29(5):305-310. (PubMed), 49. 2007;104(21):8749-8754. Myocardial reperfusion injury leads to complications, such as reperfusion arrhythmias (see Atrial fibrillation) and myocardial stunning. http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. 178. 2014(10):Cd010156. By the late 1700s, the British navy was aware that scurvy could be cured by eating oranges or lemons, even though vitamin C would not be isolated until the early 1930s. Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. Accessed 6/22/18. Cancer Res. J Stroke. (PubMed), 107. A systematic review. Giana Angelo, Ph.D. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. Ascorbic acid and rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Heart Assoc. Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2018;22(1):70. Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy - identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. (PubMed), 100. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on infant lung function and respiratory health. Recent Advances in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Stroke. 2014;12:32. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. (PubMed), 133. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. 2006;114(3):350-354. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. 2010;91(2):487-493. In the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health study that included 232,007 participants, the use of vitamin C supplements for at least seven times a week was associated with a 9% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to non-supplement use (83). Freeman; 1970. Linus Pauling believed that chronic scurvy can be prevented with an orthomolecular daily intake of between 3,000 to 10,000 mg or more vitamin C. This amount approximates what the animals synthesize, and matching animal production is the reason Pauling ingested 18,000 mg daily. In this context, it is important to note that data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have indicated that vitamin C levels in plasma and circulating cells become fully saturated at intakes of about 400 mg/day in young, healthy nonsmokers. For some still unclear reasons, smoking has been associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy (93). A 2017 review of eight published randomized controlled trials found inconsistent results from seven trials reporting on the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cholesterol and triglycerides, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease(52). Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. 2014;15:192. Finally, vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron from foods by enhancing intestinal absorption of non-heme iron (see the article on Iron) (21). Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ, Ergul A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. Linus Pauling Institute 2011;34(1):108-114. In order to overcome such limitations, some prospective studies measured plasma or serum concentrations of vitamin C as a more reliable index of vitamin C intake and biomarker of body vitamin C status. A few observational studies in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy reported that complementary intravenous vitamin C treatment was associated with a reduction in treatment-associated side effects and an improved quality of life (171). Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. 2018;148(3):419-426. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). 1. After five years of follow-up, vitamin C supplement use was associated with a small decreased risk of total mortality, although no association was found with cardiovascular disease- or cancer-specific mortality. Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. The Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [VCSIP] study is an ongoing trial designed to confirm these preliminary observations using more accurate measurements of pulmonary function in a larger sample of women randomized to receive supplemental vitamin C or placebo (96). Pauling L. The immune system. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200). Nature. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). (PubMed), 117. However, in test tube experiments, vitamin C can interact with some free metal ions and lead to the generation of potentially damaging free radicals. It is also a common post-cardiac surgery complication, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (e.g., heart failure, stroke) and mortality. Vitamin C is required to strengthen arteries so that the body does not try to patch arteries with "plaster casts" (atherosclerosis). Anticancer Res. Vitamin C is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the making of collagen, L-carnitine, and several neurotransmitters, and in the regulation of gene expression. (PubMed), 182. (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Bowman GL. Arch Intern Med. The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). 2017;151(6):1229-1238. Lower vitamin C concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular matrix of a mouse model of AD were found to increase oxidative stress and accelerate amyloid deposition and disease progression (98). Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). 66 auditorium with a talk on Vitamin C and Heart Disease. Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. (PubMed), 25. 2010;29(3):215-217. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. Thus, in vitro vitamin C sensitivity assays may provide predictive value for the clinical response to intravenous vitamin C treatment. Vitamin C has been shown to increase interferon production in vitro(17). Additional detail is provided below for those cancer subtypes with substantial scientific information obtained from prospective cohort studies. THERAPEUTIC: Pauling recommended that those who have had a heart attack or stroke should take at least 6 or more grams of vitamin C and 4 to 6 grams of lysine. (PubMed), 95. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. (PubMed), 105. 2011;40(6):483-500. Each of the cohort studies used self-administered food frequency questionnaires at baseline to assess vitamin C intake. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. Tsivgoulis G, Safouris A, Kim DE, Alexandrov AV. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. 2006;27(11):2250-2257. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 10th ed. Another meta-analysis of 40 randomized controlled trials in 276,820 women found no effect of vitamin C, alone or combined with vitamin E or multivitamins, when supplemented during pregnancy (starting prior to 20 weeks gestation), on the risks of overall fetal loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, and congenital malformation(89). 1990;265(5):2584-2587. A meta-analysis of 10 trials that examined antioxidant vitamins, of which five included vitamin C, found no association between any antioxidant vitamin (vitamin C, vitamin E, or -carotene), administered alone or in combination, and risk of stroke (60). Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). Results from 7,277 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 indicated that an estimated 7.1% of individuals ages 6 years were deficient in vitamin Cbased on serum vitamin C concentrations <11.4 mol/L (36). 2011;162(2):246-253. (PubMed), 113. Carr AC, Vissers MC, Cook JS. (PubMed), 205. Pauling LC. Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Liebman M, Chai WW, Harvey E, Boenisch L. Effect of supplemental ascorbate and orange juice on urinary oxalate. Periprocedural myocardial injury: Coronary angioplasty (also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) is a nonsurgical procedure for treating obstructive coronary heart disease (CHD), including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel CHD. Barbara Delage, Ph.D. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. (PubMed), 131. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Kao AW, et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. Mineral salts of vitamin C are considered less acidic than vitamin C and therefore are considered "buffered." (PubMed), 13. Intravenous administration of 50 mg or 200 mg of vitamin C per kg per day for 96 hours to patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit was found to correct vitamin C deficiency. Calcium ascorbate: Calcium ascorbate generally provides 90-110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. J Urol. Cigarette smoking or second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to increased blood lead concentration and a state of chronic low-level lead exposure. Notably, intravenous administration of vitamin C bypasses absorptive control in the intestine such that very high concentrations of vitamin C can be achieved in the plasma; within a few hours, renal excretion restores vitamin C to baseline plasma concentrations (see Cancer Treatment) (25). Indeed, research has recently uncovered the crucial role played by enzymes, such as the TET dioxygenases and Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases, in the fate of cells and tissues (seeTable 1). (PubMed), 180. The mechanisms underlying differential sensitivity to vitamin C are under investigation. Mann EA, Baun MM, Meininger JC, Wade CE. (PubMed), 204. Dingchao H, Zhiduan Q, Liye H, Xiaodong F. The protective effects of high-dose ascorbic acid on myocardium against reperfusion injury during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. PLoS One. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. 2011;63(9):1295-1306. 2009;169(5):502-507. Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine) can inhibit vitamin C uptake by intestinal cells in vitro. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). Calcium in this form appears to be reasonably well absorbed. However, studies conducted in humans found no differences in bioavailability of vitamin C from flavonoid-rich whole fruit or fruit juice and synthetic vitamin C (reviewed in 186). Because systemic inflammatory responses involve excessive oxidative stress, it has been suggested that providing antioxidant nutrients like vitamin C may improve the outcome of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. The results of this study also indicated that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful in the prevention of gout (119). 201. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. A phase I study in nine patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed that millimolar concentrations of plasma vitamin C could be reached safely when administered in conjunction with the cancer chemotherapy drugs, gemcitabine and erlotinib (168). Most experimental and clinical research uses ascorbic acid or its sodium salt, called sodium ascorbate. In a small, longitudinal biomarker study in 32 individuals with probable AD, a higher CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio at baseline was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline at one year of follow-up (103). Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Low ascorbate levels are associated with increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and an aggressive tumor phenotype in endometrial cancer. The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). These observations need to be confirmed in larger, well-designed trials. 1993;57(2):213-217. Because vitamin C can inactivate urease (an enzyme that facilitates H. pylori survival and colonization of the gastric mucosa at low pH) in vitro, vitamin C may be most effective as a prophylactic agent in those without achlorhydria(77, 78). Breast Cancer Res Treat. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. (PubMed), 75. Cardiovasc Diabetol. Hutchinson J, Lentjes MA, Greenwood DC, et al. Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. Short-term supplementation with vitamin C was found to reduce endothelial dysfunction in subjects with heart failure, atherosclerosis, or diabetes mellitus, but it had no effect in those with hypertension. Oregon State University, Reviewed in December 2018 by: Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). (PubMed), 31. Valls N, Gormaz JG, Aguayo R, et al. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study. 2016;8(6). Thus, individuals suffering from certain diseases may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels or derive therapeutic benefits, areas that were of great interest to Linus Pauling and need to be further explored. Sensitivity to vitamin C may also be determined by the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), which transports vitamin C into cells (173). Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Vitamin C. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. J Am Coll Nutr. Dr. Pauling significantly increased his recommendation in his 1986 book How To Live Longer and Feel Better. (PubMed), 99. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. 1951;113:628-631. Biofactors. Free Radic Biol Med. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble, non-enzymatic antioxidant in plasma and tissues. Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. J Am Soc Nephrol. J Nutr. J Urol. Arch Neurol. (PubMed), 53. Lagowska-Lenard M, Stelmasiak Z, Bartosik-Psujek H. Influence of vitamin C on markers of oxidative stress in the earliest period of ischemic stroke. 2012;130(1):147-158. Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). (PubMed), 12. Tessier F, Moreaux V, Birlouez-Aragon I, Junes P, Mondon H. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. (PubMed), 45. Int J Cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Ischemic stroke occurs when an obstruction within a blood vessel blocks blood flow to the brain. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy. 2013;173(5):386-388. 2008;7:35. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. (PubMed), 48 Kubota Y, Iso H, Date C, et al. (PubMed). Krajewska B, Brindell M. Urease activity and L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. 2013;97(4):800-807. Wei L, Liang G, Cai C, Lv J. 2012;52(9):815-829. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. BMC Ophthalmol. (PubMed), 3 Camarena V, Wang G. The epigenetic role of vitamin C in health and disease. One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Galasko DR, Peskind E, Clark CM, et al. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, et al. Unlike plants and most animals, humans have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C endogenously and therefore have an essential dietary requirement for this vitamin (see The Recommended Dietary Allowance).
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